History of Halloween

OXFORD UTOMO
Assignment

Name : Aldi ferdiansyah
Reg num : 210700095
Level : Computer II
Date : Thursday may 28 2009
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Halloween falls on October 31st each year in North America and other parts of the world. What do you know about Halloween? Do you celebrate it in your country? Here is a littlehistory about it.

Like many other holidays, Halloween has evolved and changed throughout history. Ocer 2,000 years ago people called the Celts lived in what is now Ireland, the UK, and parts of Nor them France. November 1 was their New Year's day. They believed that the night before the New Year (October 31) wa time when the living and the dead camte together.

More tham thousand years ago the Christian church named November 1 all Sints Day (also called All Hallows). This was a special holy day to honor the saints and other people who died for their religion. The night before All Hallows was called Hallows Eve. Later the name wa changed to Halloween.

Like the Celts, the Europeans of that time also believed that the spirits of the dead would visit the earth of Halloween. They thought if they dressed like that, the spirits would think they were also dead and not harm them.

The tradition of Halloween was carried to America by the immigrating Europeans. Some of the traditions changed a little, though. For example, on Halloween in Europe some people would carry lanerns made from turnips. In America, pumpkins were more common. So people began putting candies inside them and using then as lanterns. That is why you see Jack'o lanters today.

These days Halloween is not usually considered a religious holiday. It is primarily a fun day for. children dress up in costumes like people did a thousand years ago. Bt instead of worrying about evil spirits, they go from house. They knock on doors and say "trick or treat". The owner of each houxe gives candy or something special to each trick or trater

Albert Einstein (biography)

Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Wurttemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, ther moved to Italy and Albert contiuned his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polythechnic school in Zurich to be trained as a theacher in physics and mathematics. in 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss Citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching porst, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swill Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree.

During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and in 1908 he was oppointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he vecame Professor Extraodinary at Zurich in the following year to fill a smiliar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of tha Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for polorical reasons and egirated to America to teke to potosion of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton*. HE became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945.

After World War II, Eistein was a leading figure in the World Government Movement, he was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel, which he declined, and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Wezmann in establishing the Hebrew University of Jerusellem.

Einstein allways appeared to have a clear view of the problems of physics and the determination to solve them. He had a strategy of his own ad was able to visualize the main stages on the way to his goal. He ragarded his major avhievements as mere stepping-stones for the next advance.

At the starf of his scientific work, Einstein realized the inadequavies of Newtonian mechanics and his special theory of relativity stemmed form an attempt to reconcile the laws of mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. He dealt with classical problems of statistical mechanis and problems in which they were merged with quantum theory: this led to an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules. He investigatet the thermal properties of light with a low radiation desity and his observationd laid the foundation of the photon theory of light.

In his early days in Berlin, Eistein postulated that the correct inter retation of the special theory of relaticy must also fumish a theory of gravitation and in 1916 he publieshed is paper on the general theory of relativity. During this time he also contributed to the problems of the theory of radiationd and statistical mechanics.

In the 1920's, Eistein embarked on the construction of unified field theories, although he contiuned to work on the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory, ang he persevered with this work in America. He contributed to statistical mechanics by his decelopment of the quantum theory of a monatomic gas and he has also accomplished valuable work in connection with atomic transition probabilities and relativistic cosmology.

after his retirement he continued to work towards the unifacation of the basic concepts of physics, thaking the opposite approach, geomatrisation, to the majority of physicist.

Einstein's researches are, of course, chronicled and his more improtant works include Special Theory of Relativity (1905), Relativity (English translations, 1920 and 1950), General Theory of Relativity (1916), Investigations of Theory of Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evoolution of Physics (1938). Among his non-scientific works, About Zionism (1930, Why war? (1933), My Philosophy(1934), and Our of My Later Years (1950) are perhaps the most imporant.

Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in schience, medicine and philoopyh from many European and American universities. During the 1920's he lectured in Europa, America and the Fr East and he was awarded Fellowships or Memberships of all the leading scientific academies throughour the world. He gained numerous awards in recognition of his work, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1925, and the Franklin Meal of the Franklin Institute in 1935.

Einstein's gifts inevitably resulted in is dwelling much in intellectual solitude and, for relaxation, music played an im[ortant part in his life. He married Mileva Maric in 1903 and they had a daughter and two sons; their marriage was dissolved in 1919 and in the same year he married his cousin, Elsa Lowenthal, who died in 1936. he died on april 18, 1955 at Princeton, New Jersey